Universum - 1888, Paris woodcut - C. Flammarion

"As you simplify your life, the laws of the universe will be simpler; solitude will not be solitude, poverty will not be poverty, nor weakness weakness." - Henry David Thoreau

Interrelationship is a matrix that ties together the whole universe, defining within itself every part, which in us humans, as all life, is defined as our being, the Who we are; this definition reduces to our being mindful of each other, and all life, what is the universally defined sanctity of each one of us; this sanctity is thus defined in how we treat each other, best reciprocally, each one as the universe has defined us. It is that simple.

The Pioneers Anomaly as measured shows a constant rate of acceleration towards the Sun at –a = ~8E-8 cm/s^2. This can be interpreted, in reverse order, as a gravitational phenomenon, whereby Newton’s ‘constant’ G is shown to grow at a steady rate over distance to cause this anomalous acceleration; which shows ‘as if’ G is growing at approximately 1 G per AU. This same result can be achieved in a modified Quantum equation, here called the Axiomatic Equation©, where Newton’s G grows in inverse proportion to solar energy received at a distance from the Sun, at about 1 G per AU. The resulting inertial mass acceleration towards the solar system’s largest mass, the Sun, is likewise shown per the Equivalence Principle to approximate the Pioneers Anomaly.

Mass is both a function of energy, as per Einstein's famous equation E = mc^2, and also a Quantum function of Planck's constant times c, divided by lambda l times the proton mass, also known as the Planck-DeBroglie equation. It will be shown that in addition to these, mass is also a gravity function, as defined by the Axiomatic Equation, derived here, as an extension of the DeBroglie-Planck-Einstein equation; where the proton mass is a variable, leading to a proton-to-proton gravitational coupling constant variable, which can then be computed into Newton's G gravity 'constant'. This Newton's G becomes a function of the Energy region where it is being measured, where for our solar system its delta G increases linearly at the rate of ~7.24E-11 Nm^2 kg^-2 per astronomical unit from the Sun, one AU = ~150E+9 meters. The hypothesis is that what happens to atomic mass at the quantum level is how it converts into Newton's G gravity at the macro level, per the Energy regions where G is measured.

I keep asking myself this question, because as described in this post on Boltzmann's Constant here, the numbers seem to work out (though one order of magnitude apart) to support the variability of Earth's known G from its calculated orbital Energy, per the Axiomatic. This is a perpetual question for me, can it be right? I don't know. There is always the danger of concidental mathematical results, so what appears right may not be. Another danger is the 'preloading' mathematically of values sought for, so that it becomes a self-fulfilling methodology. In the above referenced post, I might have done what is a pre-destined result, by taking Joules for Kelvin for Earth's black-body 255 K (or 2550 K for Boltzmann equivalent), and then reverse engineering it back to a hypothesized variation in Newton's G for Earth due to its black-body Kelvin temperature. So if this is all that was done, nothing was proved, except that 255 K is the same as ~0.15E+16 Joules for Earth's total mass (vs. 1.5E+16 for Axiomatic Energy equivalent). But if the numbers work out for Earth's gravity to be relative to its orbital Energy, viz. 9E+16 Joules, and by raising that energy, in Joules, by 255 K (times 10) equivalent matches the expected variance in Newton's G, from computed 7.24E-11 down to measured 6.67E-11 G, then perhaps the fact that these two separate calculations for 255 K black-body yield the necessary adjustment to G, i.e., minus ~0.57E-11 G, from its orbital computed G, then is there justification to think that perhaps this is not a mere coincidence?

What it shows is how deep space gravity G must be about 4 or 5 orders of magnitude greater than Earth's known G. Here's is the reprint of the original text (see original for additional links) to review this very interesting phenomenon, also pointing towards why the Pioneers are slowing in the outer solar system:

(Please note this below was derived from the Pound-Rebka Harvard experiment, showing how light redshifts gravitationally.)

G-deep space, is the "gravitational G" for hydrogen gas over the distance of 1z. In effect, this is the amount of gravitational G needed to make light redshift delta 1 z.

The answer is: G-deep space = 0.347E-6 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2

This is a continuation of the Physics Forum post: http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=161315 where MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) like effect may exist in our solar system, but at a much gentler rate. The two results for deep galactic space, per Milgrom's calculations is: a_0 = 1.2E-10 m/s^2, while per my calculations (shown below) in our solar system, it is 6 orders of magnitude lower: a_0s = 1.09E-16 m/s^2. If we find that within our solar system Newton's G is not a constant, but varies at the rather rapid rate of about 1G per 1AU, so that by Pluto's orbit, G is about 40 times what it is on Earth, but still of the order of magnitude 10^-10. However, per earlier work, out in deep space, this G grows (and perhaps levels off at) to a level of about 10^-6, which is about 5-6 orders of magnitude greater than here. But that was a rough 'guesstimate' and it may in fact be more like 6.

Wiki's http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth , says the inner structure of the Earth is taken from seismic shear waves, and at this time the figures for depths and size of inner core are 1210 km radius, and outer core is 2560 km thick (though this latter number may be inexact), which together give us a boundary of about 3770 km radius.

The reason I bring this up is that the inner core, from seismic wave shear refractions, remains a mystery. Why should the inner core show such incredible density? Why do seismic waves not penetrate it? It might be explainable in another way, that the micro-black hole at Earth's center acts 'as if' it were immense gravity. ...
Using the Schwarzchild equation for a black hole event horizon, for Earth's mass:

G=6.67E-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2
M=5.97E+24 kg
c^2=9E+16 m^2 s^-2

R_s=G2M/c^2 = 8.85E-3 meters

This could mean, not definitive, that Earth has a tiny micro-black hole at its center (per Axiomatic Equation, where when all energy lambda cancels, E=(1-g)c^2, so g=1 when E=0, and converting to Newton's G, where G^2= (g)(c^2)pi^2, so G=c if pi drops out), which may account for the inner core's strangeness.

If G equals its (hypothetical) maximum potential, G= 3E+8 (m^3 kg^-1 s^2), where G=c at its maximum (per Axiomatic), then if taking R_s and multiplying by this, 8.85E-3 times 3E+8 = 26.55E+5, or 2.655E+6 meters, which is the same as 2.655E+3 km, or 2655 kilometers. (This is about 40+% of Earth diameter.)

Notice how the Earth's spin slows a millisecond during Winter, and speeds up a millisecond during Summer, for a full variation of 2 milliseconds from trough to peak. In the earlier posted on planetary spin (Mar. 2, 2005) there was found a relationship between perihelion, where spin slows, to aphelion, where it speeds up, as a function of internal planetary heat and background space temperature. (Closer to Sun means warmer 'background' so spin slows.) All planets exhibit a distance to internal heat versus background space temperature spin ratios.

Earth is closer to the Sun during Winter (northern hemisphere). This is not insignificant, given the regularity shown in graph above. Please note this is most marked by Mercury's spin (Sept. 12, 2006), which slows at perihelion where it temporarily 'stands still' for a few days. This is more than mere coincidence?

EARTH: (@ E=9.0E+16 J) proton mass= 1.67E-27 kg, for G=6.67E-11
SATURN: (@ E=0.1004E+16J) proton mass= 1.498E-25kg, for G'=68.5E-11

Vs.
Earth's mass is 5.97E+24 kg

Titan's mass is 1.35E+23 kg

These are both in Earth kilograms, but the Saturn mass (roughly 10 AU, so 10 G equivalent to Earth's) is about 100 times equivalent mass for proton, for that orbital region (though Titan is so much smaller mass). Now look at Titan (moon), with an atmosphere similar to Earth's, largely nitrogen, the atmosphere is nearly 10 times taller than here. But the mass of Titan is less than 1/10th of Earth's! In fact, it is less than the total mass of Mars (all figured in Earth's kg at 1G). How can that be?

It seems there are other factors involved, as per Wiki's description of the Neutrino, though no lamda is mentioned there. However, checking on another paper: "Nonuniform Neutron- Rich Matter and Coherent Neutrino Scattering" by Horowitcz et al, I discovered it comes in femtometers in the range of one fermi = 1.0E-15 meters, so interesting. This is significant because I long puzzled over the Axiomatic Equation's lambda in E=hc/l*(proton mass) on the left side, where one kilogram of mass equals 90 petajoules, which makes l = 1.32E-15 m, at the output of our Sun (to give us proton mass of 1.67E-27 kg), which then translates into the proton-proton gravitational constant g = 5.9E-39 on the right side's E=(1-g)c^2; which itself translates into Newton's G, as per this paper: Variable G. So it all fits, except that Newton's G on Earth is only 6.67E-11, while per the Axiomatic calculations it should be 7.24E-11, but this was later found to be accounted for Earth's internal energy, using the Bolzmann constant, where Earth's interior works out to be about 2500K, probably close to its mean interior temperature.

[Addendum: Coincidentally, the inverse of Coulomb's constant k is 1/k=~11x10^-11, which is surprisingly similar to Newton's 'constant' G=6.67x10^-11, though not significant except as a N force value (multiplier for F); strange, but not so much if gravity and e.m. energy are inversely proportional, which may lend credence to aforesaid: "To balance out this gravitational remainder (Strong force residue, what causes gravity to exist between masses), this attractive force is countered by a repulsive force, so positive charge of space is countered by the gravitational force of matter, which balances out with a repulsive force for like charge." This makes gravity and e.m. energy linked as inversely proportional, as per how Axiomatic Equation was derived; Coulomb's constant k should measure variable with distance from the Sun. Perhaps should also be found for universal Coupling Constants, when measured away from Earth's known values?]

The universe in 'real' time? Universal entanglement hints Einstein's Relativity may be incomplete.

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Some believe the erosion of our gray matter means that modern humans are indeed getting dumber. (Late-night talk show hosts, take note—there’s got to be some good comic material to mine here.) Other authorities argue just the opposite: As the brain shrank, its wiring became more efficient, transforming us into quicker, more agile thinkers. Still others believe that the reduction in brain size is proof that we have tamed ourselves, just as we domesticated sheep, pigs, and cattle, all of which are smaller-brained than their wild ancestors.

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Pioneer anomaly put to the test
Sep 1, 2004
The European Space Agency is considering a unique experiment that could explain strange gravitational phenomena in the outer solar system.

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Like all good physical theories, GUTs make predictions. One is that the proton, the particle that inhabits all atomic nuclei, is unstable. For decades, experiments of increasing sensitivity have looked for decaying protons and failed to find them. As a consequence, the models have been tweaked so that protons decay so rarely as to be outside the current reach of detection. Another prediction fared no better: bundled-up interacting fields called magnetic monopoles have never been found.
For superstrings, the situation is even worse. In spite of its mathematical elegance, the theory is so detached from physical reality that it is exceedingly difficult to determine what a measurable string effect might be.

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F = k q₁ q₂/ r²

Coulomb's constant k = 1/4pie_o = 9x10⁹ N.m²/C² but can also be described as Volts per meter.

[This is somewhat similar to F=GMm/r^2 on a superficial level, but not directly the same, since charges are not only attractive but can also repel, so only superficially the same.]

*Addendum: I thought of this at the end of my yoga class today during savasana, that the above Three Reasons have a seeming parallel to our emotional states as well: Selfishness, Altrusim, and Humility. They are not so far removed from Subjective, Objective, and Universal. … Now that I think about it, is the Universal Mind the mystery of the ages, from religion to philosophy? (Where an 'emergent' balance of one leads to greater Consciousness, while balance of the other leads to greater Compassion.) Why has it been so hard to see? Because we are not there yet in our DNA? … In time, then, we will join the greater Universal Humanity.

*ADDENDUM2: Meditation may be a glimpse into our Universal mind, if we allow it to be. In a recent experience, while resting in savasana after yoga, reclining on my back comfortably on the mat, I had a suddenly spontaneous mental vision of a white and sky blue light ‘bubble’ forming over my head, it dancing in ripples of blue light, like a fluid suspended. This manifestation then entered my cranium, swished around in my head, then at my direction entered into my eyes, ears, throat, washing them with a playful light, then proceeded into my lungs and shoulders, lingered around my heart, then descended into my lower torso, all the time shimmering with its blueish light. I directed it down my legs, into my calfs and feet, before it rose back up into my arms and lingered on my fingertips. This was a pleasant experience, the light playful and radiating pure joy, as if it were happy to visit me in my reclining state, exploring my body and its health, a divinely friendly visit. I felt as if I knew it, like an ectoplasmic manifestation of some part of myself which lives both inside and outside of me. It felt healing, that bubble of sky blue light shimmering in and around me. Then when the visit was over, and savasana was coming to an end, it again returned to my cranium, lingered there briefly before exiting through the top of my head. ‘What was that?’ I thought. Was it some visit from my Universal mind, a kind of connection in its own form from my greater being? I rose and felt refreshed, an inner happiness that stayed with me awhile before rising to a sitting position. I felt I had been visited by a benevolent astral entity, one that was already known to me.

"Man's mind, when it is most intent upon any work, through its passion, and effects, is joyned with the mind of the stars, and intelligences, and being so joyned is the cause that some wonderful virtue be infused into our works and thing."

- Henry Cornelius Agrippa, Counselor to Charles the Fifth, Emperor of Germany, c. 1530

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This form of reason is founded on the concept of 'emergence', where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and where complex systems evolve from simple interactions. Therefore, this emergent whole then modifies its parts, where a universal totality may actually define them in terms of itself: Everything is exactly 'where and how' it is because of where and how is everything else, in toto, both in time and space... to infinity. In effect, this is where the 'emergent' interconnected, interrelated parts are all redefined by the whole, what I call the Universal Mind.

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• Stillness epiphany of being: This is those moments when we are very still, like in meditation, or resting quietly, and something 'emergent' happens, that we suddenly have insight or a feeling of connectedness to all that is around us. We suddenly feel "in the moment", and it feels good to be there, serene, alive.
• Deep concentration flow: Whenever we are deep in thought, or seriously focussed on any task, we often enter that emergent moment where everything suddenly flows with clarity, and we have that "Ah ha!" moment, often solving some deep problem that had long eluded us.
• Total immersion surroundings: This is like some form of 'baptism' we suddenly experience when surrounded by beautiful environment, whether socially, the arts, music, or natural settings. We have a sudden sublime feeling inside that connects us to the whole environment in an instant, and a response from deep within the soul acknowledges it. It is also one reason most people love Nature, because there it happens more frequently, and it lightens the burden of life momentarily with its beauty.
• Powerful water flow: Ever sit by a waterfall and feel its roar in your whole body? That is also emergent, a total immersion into the moment, and it feels like it enlivens us to the foundation of our being. It also explains why waterfalls are so appealing to us, and so popular. The same is felt from ocean waves, or from white water rivers. They 'feel' emergent, somehow.
• Positive affirmations: We do not know why this works, but for some mysterious reason "positive affirmations" either spoken or thought have a way of redirecting our lives, often in positive and surprising ways. Like in prayer, we may be connecting to the Third Reason of the universal Mind, though we cannot see how this happens. It just does.
• Times of extreme stress: All of us felt that sudden 'intense focus' during periods of crisis or danger. This is more than mere adrenal reaction, but it places us totally in the moment where danger is a real threat, and our mind reaches out to some other succor than mere logic. It dives into a greater depth within itself and responds, often in unexpected ways, to what saves us. Survivors of wars, attacks, accidents, will often tell it so, as have heroes. They do not know how, but that moment was 'emergent' for them, and they lived.
• Sincere compassion: This is perhaps the most difficult to access, because it demands a total ego detachment to be truly compassionate. For most of us, compassion is fleeting, as is reciprocal understanding, where our personal subjective mind wants to dominate, to not be dominated in return. Understandably, but there is also a detachment of mind that allows for the other to not be dominated naturally. To do that, one must have a compassionate, patient understanding of the other, and allow for the other to have their imperfections, as they should allow them in us. We all must learn from imperfections, because when we do, and are compassionate in the learning, with compassion for all life, we gain that special privilege of being in the Universal mind. Traditionally, such higher compassion had been called the Golden Rule. But it is more than that.
• Creating beauty: Not all art is beautiful, sometimes it needs to tell an ugly story. But when focussed on beauty, or beautiful prose or music, it brings out a spiritual feeling that transcends the ordinary, and communicates that same feeling to its recipients. Perhaps that is what defines "beauty" in the first place, that it connects us somewhere deep within ourselves into that 'emergent' Mind of the universe, so it moves us, and others admire the work. When a sculptor brings life to form, or a painter sees with the soul, we see it and we 'know' it instantly. It is beautiful.
• Intense listening: This is a 'person to person' immersion, where deeply attentive to the other's thoughts, or feelings, one suddenly has a 'merging' of minds, of souls, of emotions. These are magic moments we seldom really experience in life, since we are too busy talking to really listen. But when they happen, like lovers on a higher plane, we are suddenly connected with something much more beautiful on a higher scale of being. That is emergent, to truly listen, and care, soul to soul.
• Appreciating all life: Whether admiring the delicate wings of a butterfly, or majestic dive of an oceanic whale, or wolf nursing her pups, it is all beautiful to our senses, to see real life as it is in nature. Those are magic moments, when our mind detaches from everything except the beauty of the living event. Who has not marveled at the innocence of a child? Or the magic of a living garden? Then we reach into that other emergent world, where we appreciate, however fleetingly, the universal beauty of all living things, and we are totally a part of it. Life is wonderful.
• Being in love: The mind of a lover is not the ordinary, everyday mind of a thinking, working being. Rather, it finds itself immersed into some other reality, one that need not necessarily make a lot of sense, certainly not logical, but that guides us with almost unbearable lightness to the other, even if unrequited. The object of our love borders on obsession, can be sublime, and wanting nothing more than their happiness, as they make us happy. This is truly an irrational feeling, especially if it is challenging, to be so committed to another's love, while seeking the same in return. But it happens, and it is so common as to be universal for all human beings of the planet. We all, at one time or another in our lives, will fall in love. When it happens, it becomes intensely 'emergent' for us.
• Natural vastness: Not everyone is drawn to natural vastness, and in fact I have known people to actually shy from it, wanting to hide or run away. But for those drawn to it, as is often experienced in the stark beauty of the desert, or on the vast seas, or under an infinite canopy of stars, where you are so alone, so in tune with your isolated existence then and there, that it becomes something more than merely 'being there'; strangely, that same can be felt in a cave; the experience becomes one of 'emergent' total connectedness to all around you. It is so grand, and feels so intense inside, that it can make you cry. I know.
• Freedom of being: There is no possibility of happiness without the freedom to choose our being. This is a universal need of humanity, that each person seeks his or her being in reality within their capacity as best they can. But when enslaved to another person, that capacity is jeopardized and the person suffers. In fact, this may be the primary requisite of attaining Universal Mind and reason, is to be free to do so, as it is something distant and illusive when we are unfree. Under slavery, humanity was severely restricted in its ability to grow into the Third Reason. We needed to achieve Laws of Freedom protecting us from coercions, violence, and slavery to be able to come to the threshold of this Universal reason. Fail that freedom, and you are failing the Universal Mind. Without personal freedom, reciprocally responsible in every meaning of the word, our brain-neurons development remains stunted, and we cannot rise above the Subjective-Objective reason paradigm. It has taken a long time for Earth's humanity to get here, now we can move to the next level, if we choose. Freedom of being, enforced gently but firmly, is a mandatory first step to our next human-consciousness evolution.

Some key points of discussion:

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Now, this was written by me in a kind of stream of consciousness, but certain recurring patterns are evident. Some key words: intense, beauty, vastness, lover, flow, connectedness, quiet, insight, emergence, affirmation, nature, water, feeling, compassion, happiness, life, freedom. These are all "code" words for when we reach into the Third Reason of the universal Mind.

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1. In the above quote, which words are higher in their hierarchy when considering stilling the mind to access the Third Reason? Sensitivity vs. freedom?

2. Is 'freedom' a biofeedback loop in human consciousness, where more free we become more conscious of our freedom?

3. Can positive affirmation co-exist with, and compliment, intense listening and sincere compassion? What role is the ego?

4. How do we know we reached a Third Reason consciousness? Is there an objective test for it, or is it simply a higher order of the subjective mind?

5. When challenged by a still unconscious mind with their coercion, what is our best response? Pacifism, third party arbitration? If dialogue fails, is violence sometimes necessary?

6. Is the Third Reason of universal Mind consciousness the next step of human evolution?

"When Earth's climate was changing and the grass savannas of north Africa and eastern Mediterranean Canaan were drying into desert, up on a grassy knoll by a fireside sat some shepherds, maybe in Sinai, who were discussing their lot under a star lit sky. Why was life so hard? It was already believed in Egypt under the Pharaohs, there was but One God, the Sun god Pharaoh as a failed representative on Earth now parching their pastures; so even within living memory forage and feed for their flocks was more plentiful. How could this god be so cruel to them? But as talk night after night lingered into dawn twilight, a consensus slowly emerged, that it was Man who was at fault. Long before science understood climate change and how overgrazing would turn their land to desert, humans were speculating on their existence in their changing land. Could it be that Man was fallen in the eyes of God? Somewhere in dim history we made a mistake? And since then had been cursed with hardship, so now all men are born of sin, of woman, and that paradisiacal existence of long ago had turned to suffering? It must have been so, they reasoned, or how else to explain their hardship when flocks die from drought and lack of feed? People, whole clans, were starving. The idea spread steadily as popular legends do, so by the time of Moses it was already well believed, that Man is born of Original Sin, and only God, the One God, was perfect; a Deity that would make a covenant with Man. Live by My rules, and you will be saved suffering, but disobey and you will be punished. The priests of the Temples liked the idea very much, as it could help them consolidate order and power over the people. The Egyptian Sun god failed them, but their new understanding of their One God, YHWH, "I Am that I Am", would deliver them from their hardships and failings of their Pagan ancestors. Moses assured them as much, and it was written into Genesis of the Bible, the fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The rest is history. Thus was born the Abrahamic trilogy of faith, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam."

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Gravity does look like the other forces, albeit in an unexpected way. It behaves like a "double copy" of the strong subnuclear force that binds the constituents of nuclei together.

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The contribution to the Newtonian potential at a given location in space at a given instant due to a mass m is strictly a function of the distance of that mass from the given location at the same instant.  In other words, if we let r[t] denote the distance from the given location to the mass particle at the time t, then the contribution of that mass to the gravitational potential V[t] at the given location at the time t is V[t] = -m/r[t].  Thus, Newtonian gravity represents instantaneous action at a distance, because the effect of changing the position of a gravitating mass is "felt" throughout the universe at the instant when the mass moves.  Needless to say, for the simple two-body problem this potential gives stable elliptical orbits.

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Higgs bosons imply the existence of a Higgs field, which is envisioned as a "condensate" that slows down speed-of-light particles and encumbers them with mass. If we find a way to "turn off" the field or create a local anomaly, we could end up with super-fast, super-express highways with mass-on / mass-off ramps. Miss your exit, though, and your next U-turn could be 100 million miles ahead.

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The contribution to the Newtonian potential at a given location in space at a given instant due to a mass m is strictly a function of the distance of that mass from the given location at the same instant.  In other words, if we let r[t] denote the distance from the given location to the mass particle at the time t, then the contribution of that mass to the gravitational potential V[t] at the given location at the time t is V[t] = -m/r[t].  Thus, Newtonian gravity represents instantaneous action at a distance, because the effect of changing the position of a gravitating mass is "felt" throughout the universe at the instant when the mass moves.  Needless to say, for the simple two-body problem this potential gives stable elliptical orbits.

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For this purpose, one adds to an action of the Einstein–Hilbert type (but with variable G, so that G is brought within the integrand) two compensating terms [7] such that the action reduces to the York–Gibbons–Hawking [8, 9] form for fixed G and Λ, and takes the same functional form as the ADM action for general relativity.
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
In the first part of our paper, we have extended the Hamiltonian analysis of spherically symmetric gravity [10, 16] to the case of variable Newton parameter and variable cosmolog- ical term, obtaining eventually the non-linear differential equation (3.1) for G(r), under the non-trivial assumption that Eq. (2.40) can be taken to hold. We have then shown that the treatment of Λc and G as dynamical variables, together with the fixed-point condition, gives encouraging chances of emulating the presence of dark matter in long-range gravitational interactions, at least at galactic scale.

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Many astronomers say the Universe is 13.7 billion years old, plus or minus 10 percent.

How do they know? There are four approaches to calculating the age.

1. One method of judging the age of the Universe involves its expansion. Astronomers see the Universe expanding. Galaxies around our Milky Way galaxy are moving away at a significant speed. That is one of the reasons cosmologists believe the Universe began in a Big Bang and has been expanding ever since. Using powerful instruments like the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have been able to look at objects dating back most of the way to the Big Bang. This has allowed them to estimate the rate that the Universe has been expanding in the past. Projecting the data backwards, they calculated the Universe shrank to a single point somewhere between 13.5 billion and 14 billion years ago.

2. A second method of measuring the age of the Universe involves the age of white dwarf stars. A white dwarf is a small dense star, about the size of Earth, that has undergone gravitational collapse and is at the final stage of its evolution. Initially all stars are powered by hydrogen fusion but, after they run out of fuel, white dwarfs keep shining because they are hot. However, hot things cool off. White dwarfs gradually cool at a rate astronomers have calculated. The oldest white dwarfs have ages that range from 13.0-13.5 billion years.

3. A third method of assessing the age of the Universe is the study of star clusters. As with white dwarfs, astronomers have found that the oldest star clusters are 13.0-13.5 billion years old.

4. A fourth method of finding the age of the Universe looks at cosmic microwave background radiation. CMB radiation is a faint microwave electromagnetic signal that comes from all points in the sky. Scientists explain it as fossil radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the Universe. They consider CMB to be strong evidence of the Big Bang. They say that during the first 300,000 years of the Universe, it was filled with a foggy plasma. As the Universe expanded and cooled, hydrogen atoms began to form into protons and electrons. As a result, space became increasingly transparent. CMB seen today is light that was released when most of the hydrogen atoms formed and that has been traveling through space for billions of years. By analyzing variations in the intensity of the CMB radiation, astronomers calculate the age of the Universe at 13.72 billion years. ...

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And yet agreement about the similarity of patterns is so natural that (in an example I owe to the English physicist John Ziman) people not specially trained in science are employed in particle-physics laboratories to search the thousands of photographs, produced there, of the tracks made by high-energy particles in bubble chambers or directly in film emulsion, to spot strange configurations, at best extremely rare, that betray the passing or the interactions of new particles predicted by theorists.

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"In reality, those who repudiate a theory they had once proposed, or a theory that they had accepted enthusiastically and with which they had identified themselves, are very rare. The greater majority of them shut their ears so as not to hear the crying facts, and shut their eyes so as not to see the glaring facts, in order to remain faithful to their theories in spite of all and everything."

Addendum:

This is merely anecdotal curiosity, but if we take Strong maximum G and multiply by Axiomatic light lambda, we get a modified Strong force of the nucleus:

3e+8 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2 * 1.32e-15 m = 3.96e-7 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2

which approximates background space gravity-G, viz., 3.97e-7 G for Hubble redshift (vs 3.4e-6 G for Boltzmann CMB, above).

Incidentally, it is interesting to note, perhaps a coincidence, that the light wavelength associated with the Photoelectric effect is 397 nanometers, or 3.97e-7 meters. This was also the lambda hypothesized as a 'cut-off ' for deep space Gravity, why so-called 'dark matter' is invisible, and appears non-baryonic. Strange this number keeps coming up...

Please note: How does Higgs Boson give mass to particles and atoms?

What is the Higgs Mechanism? (simple math) short explanation alludes to the Higgs field as a kind of 'fog' within which the Higgs particle resides within its "value expectation value":

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3. Some fields couple to the Higgs field. After a process called spontaneous symmetry breaking, the Higgs field is separated into two parts. The first part remains a dynamic field, and its quanta are the Higgs bosons. The second part is a constant (called the vacuum expectation value), and the equations that describe the coupling of the Higgs field to other fields become equations that describe the other fields coupling (quadratically) to themselves, which in quantum field theory is interpreted as giving mass to a field. The vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field is therefore proportional to the mass of each field.

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Can it be analogous to the space background energy of 3.97e-7 G? Though this is merely speculation, there may be a connection between Higgs Field energy and space vacuum energy 'fog', where the higher G of background space 'absorbs', or confines, the Higgs particle within a tight radius, what determines the atom nucleus and its mass. This is the mass Boson of ambient space vacuum, if so, which is further modified by ambient electromagnetic energy to become atomic and particle mass as measured (on Earth). Beyond Earth's distance from the Sun, same as gravity-G, this mass may measure different.

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How can so many Nobel laureates, inventors and great contributors to society go to their grave believing relativity was false? How could anyone not be convinced all the way into the 50s and 60s? Wasn’t it proven over and over and widely accepted by that time? Isn’t that what we are taught? History is written more by popularity than by fact and unfortunately science occasionally follows suit. There are logical reasons why these great men of science never accepted relativity. There exists very significant experimental evidence against it. Unfortunately, there are far too few people willing to challenge the safety and security afforded them by belief systems. Only those exceedingly strong in mind and of the greatest humility can stand to see that which they held in the highest regard, those things they trusted as universal truth, utterly fail. Only those with the greatest mental fortitude and confidence can become one of the few willing to withstand the onslaught of ridicule and not be swayed by the popularity of popular belief.

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For this purpose, one adds to an action of the Einstein–Hilbert type (but with variable G, so that G is brought within the integrand) two compensating terms [7] such that the action reduces to the York–Gibbons–Hawking [8, 9] form for fixed G and Λ, and takes the same functional form as the ADM action for general relativity.
...
CONCLUDING REMARKS
In the first part of our paper, we have extended the Hamiltonian analysis of spherically symmetric gravity [10, 16] to the case of variable Newton parameter and variable cosmolog- ical term, obtaining eventually the non-linear differential equation (3.1) for G(r), under the non-trivial assumption that Eq. (2.40) can be taken to hold. We have then shown that the treatment of Λc and G as dynamical variables, together with the fixed-point condition, gives encouraging chances of emulating the presence of dark matter in long-range gravitational interactions, at least at galactic scale.

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Newton postulated that his gravity ratio between masses is a ‘universal constant’ G, and it had been used as such ever since. However, though we get good orbital results for our solar system, this ran into difficulty when orbital behavior for outer galaxy arms were observed, where they acted as if there was more massive matter there, invisible to us, so dubbed ‘dark matter’. Mordehai Milgrom’s MOND solution was to factor in an acceleration force, F = ma^2/ a_o, which translates using F = GMm/ r^2, into a = (GM a_o/ r^2)^1/2, where Milgrom calculated the value for a_0=1.2×10^-10 m/s^2 empirically. This does not invalidate Newton’s constant G, but it does indicate that over great astronomical distances, force from gravity may have a modifier in it.

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The equation v=(GMa0)^1/4 allows one to calculate a0 from the observed v and M. Milgrom found a0=1.2×10-10 ms-2. Milgrom has noted that this value is also

"... the acceleration you get by dividing the speed of light by the lifetime of the universe. If you start from zero velocity, with this acceleration you will reach the speed of light roughly in the lifetime of the universe."

(see Wikipedia on MOND)

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Indeed, the potential link between MONDian dynamics and the universe as a whole (that is, cosmology) is augmented by the observation that the value of a0 (determined by fits to internal properties of galaxies) is within an order of magnitude of cH0, where c is the speed of light and H0 is the Hubble constant (a measure of the present-day expansion rate of the universe).[1] It is also close to the acceleration rate of the universe, and hence the cosmological constant. However, as yet no full theory has been constructed which manifests these connections in a natural way.(*)

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Hubble constant (per Harvard) divided by light speed c is equivalent to light absorption coefficient A_c0, per Toivo Jaakkola (pg 11), which also equals MOND acceleration a_0:

A_c0 = a_0 = H/c which is
A_c0=1.2e-10 m s-2= H/c whereby
H = 1.2e-10 m s-2 * 3e8 m s-1
H = 3.6e-2 m s-1 (meter per second squared) measured per light year.

Taking Hubble's initial measurement:

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Hubble's initial value for the expansion rate, now called the Hubble Constant, was approximately 500 km/s/Mpc or about 160 km/sec per million-light-years... That was followed by other corrections for confusion, etc. that pretty much dropped the accepted value down to around 100 km/s/Mpc by the early 1960's.

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a conversion which has a 3.12 divider to convert from Mpc to km/second.

Then H = 100 km/s per Mpc divided by 3.12 (conversion to meters/second) = 32 km/s (per million light years)or in effect
= 3.2e4 m s-1 / 10e6 light years = 3.2e-2 m s-1 (per light year) where

~H = ~3.2e-2 m s-1 (above) vs 3.6e-2 m s-1 (per light year) Hubble constant as a function of A_c0 = H/c

which in effect, gives a relationship between cosmic light absorbtion, vis-a-vis measured Hubble constant, and empirically derived MOND acceleration, as essentially equal ratios.

This could be a further indicator that cosmic light redshift at the Hubble constant is a function of deep space higher G gravitational light shift absorption, equating MOND's cosmic acceleration a_0 with light absorption A_c0, a proof as shown.

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Specifically, the theory holds that when gravity is well below the a0 value, its rate of change—including the curvature of spacetime—increases with the square root of mass (rather than linearly as per Newtonian law) and decreases linearly with distance (rather than distance squared).

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Planck's h = deep space G constant * Proton mass

"That we cannot doubt of our existence while we doubt, and that this is the first knowledge we acquire when we philosophize in order."

*(“Manifestation” may have first been used in teachings of Christian Science founder, Mary Baker Eddy, in her writings.)

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* What is the source of your information?
* What assumptions are you making?
* Is a different conclusion more consistent with the data?
* What is an alternate explanation for this phenomenon?

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[ADDENDUM: Act locally, think universally.

Imagine you are in a room closed off from the rest of the world. Whatever you do in that room it affects you locally, say you move the chairs over to one wall. To you existentially, you merely rearranged the chairs, but on a universal, interrelated level, you have rearranged the relationships beyond the four walls, as your action has redefined the positions of those chairs universally, to infinity. You can't see that from your point of view, but less obvious the matrix of interrelationship has been changed to infinity. This locally is obvious, but the bigger picture is not. If you now take one of the chairs through a door and place it outside, it is obvious that it is more connected to all reality outside the door, as the chair is now part of that greater matrix, to infinity. The chairs remaining inside are still part of this infinite matrix, but not obviously so. You had rearranged the patterns of the matrix in such that if you wanted to sit on that chair back inside, it has to be moved back in. Though not obvious locally, the infinite matrix demands that an action must be taken, as it had been rearranged. Think universally and you can see all those interconnections had been altered, so new action must be taken to rearrange it. That is a demand from infinity, how the matrix of interconnections exists, how it had been redefined, though not obvious; while to you it all happened locally, so is obvious. But the true reality is much bigger, where reality redefines itself locally, yet also infinitely.]

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1. Subjective reason, the sense of cognition, the self-defining feeling of "I am" each person has. This is also where story telling comes from, what we weave in our imagination, going all the way back to primitive, mythical times. (Ego)

2. Objective reason, the mental ability of discerning fact from falsehood, an operative abstract reason needed for survival in reality. We are genetically designed to do this, though this is still challenging to us in that we must learn it. (Ego detachment)

3. Universal reason, where our mental ability is detached from either subjective or objective, but connects directly into how the universe operates on its own terms, which for us is not a natural ability but exists only as an intellectual potential. (Total detachment)

The first and second forms of reason are innately familiar to us, we all have it. It is the third form that is still mysterious, because we are unfamiliar with it. We may not yet have evolved the genetic ability to use this form of reason, since our minds are not designed to see things as the universe 'sees' itself. This form of reason is founded on the concept of 'emergence', where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and where complex systems evolve from simple interactions. Therefore, this emergent whole then modifies its parts, where a universal totality may actually define them in terms of itself: Everything is exactly 'where and how' it is because of where and how is everything else, in toto, both in time and space... to infinity. (repeat) In effect, this is where the 'emergent' interconnected, interrelated parts are all redefined by the whole, what I call the Universal Mind. It is a 'mind' for which we must still work very hard to connect with, because it is not yet natural for us. We can't see all the infinite interrelations with our minds that define Universal emergence, though we can logically know it exists, at least conceptually. But it is not easy for us to understand this, as we are not programmed to do so.

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During that time Bruno completed and published some of his most important works, the six "Italian Dialogues," including the cosmological tracts La Cena de le Ceneri (The Ash Wednesday Supper, 1584), De la Causa, Principio et Uno (On Cause, Principle and Unity, 1584), De l'Infinito, Universo e Mondi (On the Infinite, Universe and Worlds, 1584) as well as Lo Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante (The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, 1584) and De gl' Heroici Furori (On the Heroic Frenzies, 1585).

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Growth in crystals can be usually described by field equations such as the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation.

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Eddington's experiment proposed observing the Hyades at two different times of the year. He would first measure the location of the stars when the sky was completely clear of anything that might bend their light waves. He would then measure their location again, this time with the sun in front of them. It would have to be done during an eclipse, when almost all of the light from the sun would be blocked by the moon, to ensure the accuracy of the data. Comparing the two measurements would show if the sun caused any deflection of the light from the stars. Einstein's equations predicted a deflection of about four-thousandths of a degree, or 1.7 arc seconds.

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*(In the end what we choose to believe is the ‘fiction’ most acceptable to us. What comes of these pages is the fine fiction of one man’s brain, or a few men and women, or the fiction of billions. Do we really know? That is why our ‘fictions’ of the mind are subject to continuous tests, the best we can do.)

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Big bang theory says nothing about the big bang; it is rather a possible hypothetical premise for resolving general relativity.

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Modern cosmology accepts that our universe began with a cosmic singularity that suddenly expanded, through inflation, into a proto-universe of extreme hot energy, and time, which subsequently cooled through its dark epoch into the baryonic matter, dark matter, and dark energy of the expanding universe we see today: this is in a nutshell the Big Bang Theory.
But could this really have happened? Let us try a mind experiment to either prove or disprove the hypothesis.
Imagine a very advanced species able to travel and communicate virtually instantaneously within our observable universe; let’s call them the Gorts. Now daddy Gort is stationed on Earth, ready to communicate with his son Gorto who happens to be at a galaxy 13 billion light years away, and he calls his son: “what do you see junior?” -He’s expecting of course that his son sees near perfect blackness one way, but a full universe the other.- To which Gorto replies, “I can see the universe in all directions, same as you see on Earth, dad.” Puzzled, Gort says, “the Big Bang happened there, same as it had here?” To which Gorto says, “I guess, the center of the Big Bang is the limit of what I can observe as the CMB, equally distributed in all directions!” Now Gort is a little non-plussed, so he calls his daughter, Gorta, who happens to have gone past her brother, some 13.7 billion light years beyond what Gorto can see, two 13.7 bly hops in same direction line-of-sight. And he asks her, “daughter, what do you see, since you are 13 billion light years past the edge of what your brother can see, near 40 billion light years from me?” And she replies, “I can see 13.7 billion light years in all directions, same as you and Gorto.” Gort thought a moment… “How can they both see the cosmic microwave background at the same time, same as I can? Isn’t the CMB observed today the ‘center of the Big Bang’ that happened 13.7 billion years ago?”
Therein lies the paradoxical conundrum, that if all three observers can see the CMB, at the same time in all directions (not at the beginning of ‘time’ but now), then the dimensions of the universe are unknown, ad infinitum. If every observer is at the center of the CMB seen in all directions from any location, then it follows that either ‘nothing’ can exist past that distance; or, if it exists, then everything exists, and the CMB is merely the visual limit of our universe, in essence an optical illusion where light fails, except for a cold microwave background.
Hence, no space expansion, if Hubble constant is an optical illusion. Therefore, proof positive: there was no Big Bang.)

Some points of discussion:

1. Are there social markers that may signal when social reality is failing its members?
2. Can this simple idea of personal freedom within social context be taught to children and adults of all ages?
3. Have there been autocratic, religious societies, including collectivism, exhibiting a sustainable social common good? Is the American experiment in democratic constitutional government, largely adopted by Western model nations, a viable model for protecting human freedoms? Which is more successful, and more just?
4. Does a heightened awareness of personal freedom lead to a higher level of human consciousness?
5. Can our world regress to a more ancient, and more primitive, social paradigm than enjoyed today? Can freedom be lost?
6. Where does criminality fit in this social scenario, and can it be righted?

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The emergent idea, that infinity has no center but everywhere is its center, carries implied in its definition a revolutionary idea, that we are all connected at our point of being to universal infinity. So if everyone of us, defined by our self aware state of being, is the center of a personal infinity, we are of necessity more than what we know in ourselves, since we also carry infinite emergence in ourselves. Each one of us is all of infinity, we are all universal beings.

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This philosophical idea of an infinity defining itself on a point is foundational to the idea of interrelationship as discussed in these forums and the concept of a Simple Universe. The implication is that any point in the universe is defined by the interrelated state of being of all existence to infinity. Everything is what and where it is as the pressure of everything else defines it in relation to its interrelated totality, to infinity. The emergent result is that any point in infinity is exactly as that interrelationship totality defines it, in the image of its infinite totality.

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*(We do not abandon Einstein’s special relativity, but rather use it to understand interrelationship in ‘real time’ -what he called ‘proper time’- where the time dimension is adjusted to t=0, which freezes each frame of observation; the interrelated connections stretch to infinity in each time frame, hence represent a geometric interrelational totality -what is real time- whereas the universal energies are in motion, so their interconnections to infinity are time variable, why each reference frame is frozen to t=0.)

[ADDENDUM: Act locally, think universally.

Imagine you are in a room closed off from the rest of the world. Whatever you do in that room it affects you locally, say you move the chairs over to one wall. To you existentially, you merely rearranged the chairs, but on a universal, interrelated level, you have rearranged the relationships beyond the four walls, as your action has redefined the positions of those chairs universally, to infinity. You can't see that from your point of view, but less obvious the matrix of interrelationship has been changed to infinity. This locally is obvious, but the bigger picture is not. If you now take one of the chairs through a door and place it outside, it is obvious that it is more connected to all reality outside the door, as the chair is now part of that greater matrix, to infinity. The chairs remaining inside are still part of this infinite matrix, but not obviously so. You had rearranged the patterns of the matrix in such that if you wanted to sit on that chair back inside, it has to be moved back in. Though not obvious locally, the infinite matrix demands that an action must be taken, as it had been rearranged. Think universally and you can see all those interconnections had been altered, so new action must be taken to rearrange it. That is a demand from infinity, how the matrix of interconnections exists, how it had been redefined, though not obvious; while to you it all happened locally, so is obvious. But the true reality is much bigger, where reality redefines itself locally, yet also infinitely.]

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Neocortical neurons fire spontaneously during slow-wave sleep, thus they seem to play a role during this period of sleep. Also, these neurons appear to have some sort of internal dialogue, which accounts for the mental activity during this state where there is no information from external signals because of the synaptic inhibition at the thalamic level. The rate of recall of dreams during this state of sleep is relatively high compared to the other levels of the sleep cycle. (my italics)

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As we lift our observation from the pebble and its interrelationship to the beach, the waves, the ocean, shore, the planet, its solar system, galaxies, and off into the dimensions of our universe, we can see that pebble in the image of cosmic interrelationships, out there, that defines it as it is. That state of being, made more pronounced and stronger with the growth of its dimensions, with the interconnectedness of all things in reality, has sculpted delicately the smoothness that is our singular pebble. Somewhere, in that vast, galactic complex of interrelationship, is the image that defines that small, round pebble.

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It’s difficult for us, as individual human beings, with the feeling of distinctness and separateness we have, to comprehend that everything is interconnected… However, once you get past your immediate perception of what is going on; once you abstract your view from the limits of your subjectivity, it becomes clear that everything is interconnected. We are all, spiritually speaking, philosophically speaking, and scientifically speaking, an indivisible unity – in other words: we are all one.(2016)

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Interconnectedness is a fundamental quality of being human, and to a great extent determines people’s quality of life and meaning experiences. We adopted a broad conceptualization of quality of life including a eudaimonic well-being perspective in which meaning and positive relationships play a core role.

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Living things in an area are components of interconnected systems based on cyclical feedback, which maintains a delicate balance between themselves, other species, and the non-living components of their environment. Hence, this feedback system is the ecosystem. The scale of an ecosystem can range dramatically, from minuscule hidden wonderlands in the soil of your house plant to the vast African savannas (National Geographic Society, 2020). The Earth essentially functions on the interconnectedness of ecosystems that sustain biomes (Wohlleben, 2015). Coral reefs, deserts, mountains, or tundra are all forms of biomes that are made up of a series of interconnected systems within them.

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In his intriguingly clever 1970s TV series Connections, James Burke showed how history is not only linear but interconnected in ways that surprise us with what superficially appears unrelated is in fact part of a whole web that drives development. So the discovery of nylon, for example, was driven by Lloyds of London and the American Revolution (episode 7). These episodes were stimulating to make us think alternatively of how things come about, and how the world is interconnected in both place and time to become as it is.

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It is natural for us to interact with friends and family, community or business, so such interrelated activities, both mental and physical, are what powers our inter-human relations. On the emotional level we have 'relationships' which can extend to many friends and loved ones. Socially, many interacting relationships define our human condition.

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The underlying principle is all things are somehow interconnected. Starting with an abstract idea, that if three things are in isolation, two coexistent items will modify the third. This gives each item a 'definition' in relation to the other two. This concept taken to include all reality, to infinity, means each thing exists as the interrelationship pressure of everything else allows it to be, what identifies it in relation to the whole. Interrelationships exists as an abstract idea, but in real terms it is how the universe defines every part of itself, from the quantum level to macro existence.

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Postpositivists believe that a reality exists, but, unlike positivists, they believe reality can be known only imperfectly. Postpositivists also draw from social constructionism in forming their understanding and definition of reality.

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This new form of thinking (positivism) ushered in the Renaissance, the scientific revolution, and then the Age of Enlightenment. All these gave us a European, and later American, future that we had experienced over the past few centuries. With that future came a humanistic and scientific explosion that propelled the present world into near miraculous technological achievements, advances in medicine, and ability to feed a world population more than ten times larger than the world had in Medieval times. The freedoms and socio-economic successes of democratic human freedoms, and freedoms of thought and exchange, far outdistanced the feudal hierarchical fidelity to Church and Lords when most people lived on the edge of hunger. The individual rose above the accepted fabric of master and slave imperative of ancient times. But the lesson is being forgotten, and the neo-modern world is once more being courted by ‘theory’ rather than the evidence of reality at hand.

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